Bats Definition Essay Essay Example for Free

Bats Definition Essay Essay Bats are defined as flying mammals of the order Chiroptera . They have a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate regions and have modified forelimbs that serve as wings and are covered with a membranous skin extending to the hind limbs that allows them to fly. The bat’s the only mammal capable of true flight. They use echolocation to find their prey by emitting sound waves that bounce off objects in front of them and echo back to them. By using their highly advanced hearing they can determine an object’s size, shape, location and even texture Bats are good at keeping insect populations in control by hunting Different bats live through the winter in a variety of ways. Some types of bats migrate while others hibernate. Some even go into Torpor (a state of controlled hypothermia). Bats in the wild usually find places like hollow trees or caves to hibernate in, but they also find comfort in man made locations. It’s during the winter that most homeowners need to be aware of bat activity surrounding their homes. It’s not uncommon for bats to move into homes to stay warm, dry and secure during the winter months. They’re especially fond of places like attics, crawlspaces and unused chimneys. Bats are commonly thought of as carriers of rabies. While bats can get rabies the percentage of bats with the disease is less than one percent, so there is no reason to fear a bat more than other animals. However, it is recommended that bats found in houses or bats that come in contact with humans be taken to a local health department vet or police for rabies testing to rule out the presence of the disease. Signs of a bat infestation can include the smell of urine or feces (or guano) in strange places (usually near walls or fire places) or maybe even the physical presence of animal waste. Another, more obvious sign includes scratching and squeaking in the walls or ceiling. Occasionally bats may find their way into the inner sanctum of your household. There are many rights and wrongs to getting a bat out of the house First of all, it is important to know your foe and be aware of a bat’s abilities. When trapped indoors bats have the tendency to swoop back and forth through a room quickly. When this happens the best thing to do is to contain the bat in one room and open any doors or screenless windows leading to the outdoors. If this is possible simply stand back and wait for it to land or fly out the window. If you have some sort of net you could try catching it as it swoops by. Bats cannot take off from the ground, so they have to climb and take off from high places like walls or furniture, so when a bat is grounded you have the opportunity to catch the bat. This can be done in several ways. Regardless of how you catch a bat you must always be very careful to not touch the bat to prevent being bitten or scratched. Cornered bats can be quite vicious if provoked. You can use gloves, a thick towel or net to capture the bat. If you prefer not to use your hand you could use a box, can, or Tupperware container by trapping the bat and then sliding a piece of cardboard under it. Regardless of how you choose to approach a bat, it is always a good idea to at least wear thick gloves to avoid being bitten. Any bat suspected of having physical contact with a person should be captured and submitted for rabies testing. Your local health department, animal control office or veterinarian can help you submit the bat to a laboratory for rabies testing. If the bat tests negative, rabies treatment can be avoided. If a bat bites or has physical contact with a person, the wound or contact area should be washed immediately with soap and water. Unfortunately, bat bites and scratches are small and may go unnoticed. In certain situations it may be impossible to know if contact with a bat has occurred. These situations occur when a bat is found in the same room with a sleeping person, infant or young child, a person with a disease that reduces mental capacity, or persons under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Whenever a bat has physical contact with a person, or is suspected of coming in contact with a person, the bat should be captured and tested, if possible, and the incident should be reported immediately to a physician and local health authority to assess the need for rabies treatment. Bats are good for the environment and should not be feared but respected. Bats good for the environment and keep the mosquito population down preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as malaria and West-Nile Virus. Bats are often viewed in culture as evil

The Truth of War Exposed in A Farewell to Arms Essay -- Farewell Arms

The Truth of War Exposed in A Farewell to Arms The soldier takes his last breath as he faces the menacing glare of the beast known as the enemy gun.   Emotions run through him as he awaits the final blow that will determine his destiny.   Memories flash through his mind, none of which will be of any significance once he leaves this world.   Out of the barrel of the gun, had suddenly come terror, murder, and chaos, all at once.   "I say it's rotten.   Jesus Christ, I say it's rotten." (Hemingway 35)   Summarized in two sentences is Ernest Hemingway's personal attitude towards World War I.  Ã‚      In A Farewell to Arms by Hemingway, the characters criticize the war and views it as the source of their misery.  Ã‚   Instead of finding the patriotic and courageous hero engaged victorious battle scenes, this novel portrays the so-called hero as a brazen who lacks any ambition.   This is the story of war seen through the cynical eyes of a Red Cross ambulance driver who lived the horrors.   Through a combination of ironic, cynical and apathetic tones, Hemingway's contempt towards World War I is reflected in the nature surroundings and the voice of his characters. Primarily, Hemingway attempts to expose the truths behind the war through his characters by using a tone of cynicism.   In the dialogues and streams-of-consciousness, characters repeatedly avow their reprobation for the war. "Abstract words such as glory, honor, courage, or hallow were obscene." (185)   These words that once held meaning has now lost its significance.   No longer is the war about patriotism or courage; instead it is replaced by a certain crookedness, the national glories lost somewhere in-between the madness.   War is now where the soldiers  ... ...; and to achieve national glory, spirits are broken repeatedly until the point where they only wish to die.   The result is war, an outcome of the cruel and senseless world where violence is the backslash of violence.   There is no glory here; there is only condemnation.   The cynical words of Hemingway's characters are his own, the apathetic attitude of Fred is meant to represent himself, and the irony of the destruction on nature, is just one more reason why Hemingway opposes the war.   Hiding behind his characters, it's the diary of Hemingway himself.    Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. 1929. New York, NY: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1995. Nagel, James. "Catherine Barkley and Retrospective Narration." Critical Essays on Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. Ed. George Monteiro. New York, NY: G. K. Hall & Co., 1994. 161-174.

level 3 business studiesUnit 3 introduction to Marketing P1 Essay

For this assignment I have been asked to do a report on†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(say what you have been asked to do) The company I chose for this marketing report is kellogs and Nestle. I will first start off by writing about Kellogs. About Kellogs Kellogs is a †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(Give history of Kellogs and background info) The types of products Kellogs produces are†¦.. (make sure you mention the products kellogs produces and the general target market for these producst E. g. cereals – aimed at consumers aged 5 onwards, can you think of any other products? ) Marketing strategies used by Kellogs Kellogs use a variety of marketing strategies. One of which is the growth strategy which can take many forma s as listed below.. 1. growth strategies (such as diversification, product development, market penetration or market development, Ansoff’s Matrix) I will write about the Growth strategies in greater detail. For Kellogs they use all the following strategies for growth. Growth strategies are: Market penetration – say what it is and how kellogs has used this for one of their products Market development -say what it is and how kellogs has used this for one of their products Product development – say what it is and how kellogs has used this for one of their products Diversification -say what it is and how kellogs has used this for one of their products About Nestle Nestle is a †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(Give history of Nestle and background info) The types of products Kellogs produces are†¦.. (make sure you mention the products Nestle produces and the general target market for these producst E. g. cereals – aimed at consumers aged 5 onwards, can you think of any other products? ) Marketing strategies used by Nestle Nestle use a variety of marketing strategies. One of which is the growth strategy which can take many forms as as listed below.. 1. growth strategies (such as diversification, product development, market penetration or market development, Ansoff’s Matrix) I will write about the Growth strategies in greater detail. For Nestle they use all the following strategies for growth. Market penetration – say what it is and how Nestle has used this for one of their products Market development -say what it is and how Nestle has used this for one of their products Diversification -say what it is and how Nestle has used this for one of their products Product development -say what it is and how Nestle has used this for one of their products Other marketing strategies for Kellogs Now we will look at survival strategies and relationship marketing because they are other strategies that both nestle and Kellogs use. For kellogs their survival strategies are: survival strategies; Mention in detail Kellogs strategies such as branding (importance in influencing buyer behaviour, brand building, positioning, brand extension) look at resources on the U drive and also search the internet. U:Business StudiesStudentsBTEC Level 3 Sept 2010 onwardsUnit 3 Introduction to MarketingAssignment 1Lesson 3 And another strategy Kellogs use is relationship marketing: relationship marketing Mention definition, difference between transactional marketing and relationship marketing, value of lifetime customer and how Kellogs has used relationship marketing look at resources on the U drive and also search the internet. U:Business StudiesStudentsBTEC Level 3 Sept 2010 onwardsUnit 3 Introduction to MarketingAssignment 1Lesson 3 Other marketing strategies for Nestle Now we will look at survival strategies and relationship marketing because they are other strategies that both nestle and Nestle use. For Nestle their survival strategies are: survival strategies; Mention in detail Nestle strategies such as branding (importance in influencing buyer behaviour, brand building, positioning, brand extension) look at resources on the U drive and also search the internet. U:Business StudiesStudentsBTEC Level 3 Sept 2010 onwardsUnit 3 Introduction to MarketingAssignment 1Lesson 3 And another strategy Nestle use is relationship marketing: relationship marketing Mention the definition, difference between transactional marketing and relationship marketing, value of lifetime customer and how Nestle has used relationship marketing look at resources on the U drive and also search the internet. U:Business StudiesStudentsBTEC Level 3 Sept 2010 onwardsUnit 3 Introduction to MarketingAssignment 1Lesson 3

Motivation Case Study - 1769 Words

The purpose of this essay is to discuss the topic, motivation, by conducting a detailed literature review, interpreting the results from motivation self-assessment tests and analysing a motivation-related case study. This paper will be divided into three main sections and the first section will demonstrate the key concepts suggested by various researchers such as Ryan (1995) and Herzberg’s (1996) theory about motivation. Secondly, an analysis of outcomes from personal motivation surveys will indicate my work behaviour and they will be underpinned by the literature discussed in the first section. The third section will use needs, equity, expectancy and goal-setting to discuss the case study and this paper will conclude with implications for†¦show more content†¦Fifthly, communication and roll out which should give everyone in the organisation a clear understanding of the program and a plan of how the information is going to deliver to target populations will also need to be provided. The final step is to evaluate and access the implemented programs against to the expected outcomes stated in Step 1. Lin (2006) also recommended few implications as followed: avoiding emphasis on organisational rewards (e.g. promotion incentives and bonuses) as a fundamental knowledge exchanging method due to extrinsic rewards only increase employee motivation for a temporary period; managers can try to increase the enjoyment of a task to make their work more interesting; and organisations can invite employees to join decision making processes in order to increase their employee loyalty and to increase employee involvement. According to my results of conducting the human needs survey (Alderfer, 1972) I scored 15, 19 and 14 for growth, relatedness and existence needs. As discussed in the previous section, relatedness needs are one of the essential criteria when assessing job satisfaction which will have strong influences on employee motivation (Fernet et al., 2008). I got 19 points out of 20, the maximum score, for relatedness needs which indicate that this category of needs is substantially unsatisfied in my current life and they are also the most important points which will motivate me when undertaking a job. The questions in theShow MoreRelatedMotivation Case Study On Motivation1756 Words   |  8 Pages PERSONAL CASE ANALYSIS â€Æ' Contents INTRODUCTION 2 BACKGROUND 3 MOTIVATION KEY ISSUES 3 ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS 4 OFFER REWARDS 4 PROVIDE AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 5 PROPOSED SOLUTION 5 CONCLUSION 5 RECOMMENDATIONS 6 REFERENCES 7 â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Motivation is the basic needs to improve the performance in the workplace to attain a goal. In today’s era, the impossible things are going to be possible through effective motivation which gives us the quality of work. 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I felt that CaremarkRead MoreMotivation Rent-a-Car Case Study3200 Words   |  13 PagesTopic: Rent-A-Car Case study Course: 501 HUMAN INTERFACES Final Assignment Instructor : Michele Vincenti Student Name : Navanjot Singh Bajwa Class : MBA 501 Table of contents: Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 2. Motivation and approach used by Rent-A-Car†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 3. Culture of an organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 4. Analyzing the Vote System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 5. Effectiveness of MotivationalRead MoreStarbucks’ Corporation: Case Study in Motivation2241 Words   |  9 PagesCase Study Report Starbucks’ Corporation: Case Study in Motivation Submitted to: ----------------------------- Faculty, MBA Program, BRAC University Submitted by: SNS MBA, BRACU Course Title: Organization Behavior and Leadership Course Code: HRM 501, Section: 03 Semester: MBA, Fall-2013 Date of Submission: 8 November 2013 Introduction: This report is a part of Masters of Business Administration (MBA) program, Organization Behavior and Leadership (HRM 501) course ofRead MoreMotivation Observation Case Study : Nursing1753 Words   |  8 PagesHCAD 701: Organizational Behavior- PA2 Jennifer Chaix J16006447 September 18, 2017 Motivation Observation Case Study Drafted for: Jane Couch, Director of Nursing Subject: Susan Smith, LPN The purpose of hospitals is to restore a patient’s health. Individuals who decide to pursue a career in the healthcare field have a desire to help people. When tasked with a responsibility of that magnitude, healthcare workers find themselves burned out and now tackling personal issues for themselves. To no surpriseRead MoreThe Causes of Poor Productivity Within Large Organizations1720 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowing problem for call centres across the country and it is surprising the amount of customers who will take their business elsewhere simply because they cant get through on the phone as they see it as poor customer service. In many cases it isnt feasible for staff numbers to be increased in order to cope with the call volumes that are being received and so the only solution to reducing the call leakage is to increase the productivity of the existing staff. 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The theories that would be relevant to the problems with Simon Lucas’ motivation would be the McClelland’s Need Theory and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory. For McClelland’s Need Theory

Gaming and Club Management - 3143 Words

250 WORDS ANWSERS FOR EACH QUESTION 1. According to Delfabbro (2009) games of chance can be classified across four dimensions. Explain one of these dimensions and identify a form of gambling at each extreme point of this dimension. Delfabbro(2009) has mentioned that locational characteristics is also influences the nature of gambling activities such as whether they can play at home, alone, a groups, at casino, or can be on telephone and on internet. Besides, the locational characteristics of gambling play a significant role in people’s choice of gambling activity (Productivity Commission, 1999). Different venue can also affect social relationships, and environmental air at the scene of gambling activities. Players prefer to engage†¦show more content†¦Report No. 10, AusInfo, Canberra. pp 3.16-3.17 Richard McGowan, 2008, The Gambling Debate, USA, pp. 39-40. 2. Do you agree with the statement that â€Å"People gamble because it is fun†. Explain why or why not. I agree that â€Å"People gamble because it is fun†. According to Panos Markopoulos, Wijnand IJsselsteijn, Duncan Rowland (2008) that fun is enjoyment, amusement, or light-hearted pleasure things that make people feel happy to do it. Related to gambling, fun means the feeling of excitement, emotional ups and downs, make the people have an impassioned feeling to addict the game. Van Hoff, H, Vallen G, McDonald M amp; Weiner (2007) indicated that there are three major reasons people gamble for fun such as entertainment, social activity and exhilaration. Entertainment is an activity that helps people achieves a distraction from the boredom and the difficulties of daily life. (William Norman Thompson, 2001) Gambling offer a sources of entertainment because gambling give an excitement when the players join in the new games. Beside the entertainment, gambling can be defined as a social activity such as a great way to relax from stressful life, sadness or depression, to feel more powerful, to be in control of social situations, to feel less shy, and to make friends. (Jeffrey L. Derevensky, Rina Gupta, 2004) Moreover, the exhilaration can give the gambler quite an adrenaline rush when sharing exciting moment ofShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Report1228 Words   |  5 PagesSince 1994 Hilton acquired all of Bally Entertainment, making the largest gaming company in th e world. In 1997 they founded an alliance with Ladbroke Group PLC in (now Hilton Group, owner of Hilton International and the rights to the Hilton name outside the US) to unify the Hilton brand worldwide. With a downturn in the gaming industry translating into sluggish results in Hilton’s gaming segment, the company spun off its gaming interests as Park Place Entertainment. In 1999 Hilton made a massiveRead MoreHarrah*S Entertainment Case Study1155 Words   |  5 PagesIn the volatile world of the gaming industry, renowned casino provider, Harrah*s understands the importance of ensuring the consumer’s complete satisfaction during their stay at their facilities. The history of Harrah*s can be traced back to 1937 when Bill Harrah opened his first bingo parlor in Reno, Nevada and eventually went on the buy ‘The Mint Club’ in downtown Reno. Bill understood the value of customer service early on as he installed steam pipes at the club entrance so his cu stomers didRead MoreStrategic Goals and Management Plan for Harrahs Hotel Casino.1154 Words   |  5 PagesObjectives. About Harrahs Harrahs Hotel Casino is an exciting entertainment destination in the heart of the Las Vegas Strip, offering its customers first class hotel accommodations, gaming, entertainment and promotions. 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A cause was born.† Now made up of more than 4,300 clubs and in their 103rd year, the goal of these clubs is â€Å"to enable all young people, especially those who need us most, to reach their full potential as productive, caring, responsible citizens.† Boys Girls Clubs across the countryRead MoreThe Human Resource Management Of Training1633 Words   |  7 PagesThis report discusses how the human resource management of training is affecting my workplace at the North Ryde Golf Club. The Club’s background will be surmised and the issue of training and why it needs improving will be addressed, evidence will be given to what areas need improving. Research will be drawn upon from the prescribed text and various other sources including a comparative study to the organisation of McDonald’s which has successful training systems in place. 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Professional And Ethical Issues Case Essay - 1490 Words

Professional and Ethical Issues Case: WorldCom. 1) At the time Cynthia Cooper discovered the accounting fraud, WorldCom did not have a whistleblower hotline process in place. Instead, Cynthia took on significant risks when she stepped over Scott Sullivan’s head and notified the audit committee chairman of her findings. Conduct an Internet search to locate a copy of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Summarize the requirements of Section 301.4 of the Act. The section 301.4 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 set requirements on procedures that audit committees are required to establish about complaints. Those procedures include how they receive, retain, and treat complaints about internal controls, accounting, or relating to auditing. Also they have to make sure to have a confidential and anonymous method to allow whistleblowers to submit their claims and concerns about auditing and accounting. 2) Use the internet to conduct research related to whistleblower process. 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WhenRead MoreEthical Issues Associated Within The Clinical Counseling Profession Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pages6 This paper will discuss a fictitious case vignette that encompasses ethical issues associated within the Clinical counseling profession. There will be at least four of the nine sections of the ACA Code of Ethics that will be covered within the context of this case. In consideration of each of these ethical breaches there will be dialog on the nature of the ethical issue or violation, where the ACA ethical code applies, ramifications of the ethical issue or violation of both parties, and withRead MoreAuditing Report - Ethical Issues1059 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment one: Individual report Ethical issues in auditing Executive Summary This report provides an analysis of dealing with professional and ethical issues when offering auditing services. 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Drug Addiction Public Health Issue

Question: Discuss about the Drug Addiction for Public Health Issue. Answer: Introduction: The key public health issue is the increasing prevalence of drug addiction in the world. In this essay alcohol addiction is the prime focus. In Australia, alcohol is the most widely used drug. Alcohol abuse destroys the life of an individual as it leads to depression, liver damage, cancer and compromised immune system. It also has overwhelming consequences for the family and society. Most people addicted to alcohol admit that it is a disease which can never be cured (Wilkinson SanchezCraig, 2016). A considerable research has been conducted on interventions for alcohol use disorders and has been found successful in complete recovery of alcoholics. The primary goal of alcohol treatment is to stop the drinking habit in the patient and help in refraining from alcohol abuse in future. There are diverse paths to the goals as alcohol use disorder is multifactorial. It involves social, biological, and psychological factors (Flores, 2013). The essay discusses the methods of treatment of alco hol addiction within medical establishments. The paper discuses the most effective methods and what might improve the success rates of alcohol rehabilitation. The conventional medical treatment for alcohol dependence involves detoxification, rehabilitation and maintenance of sobriety. Detoxification is essential immediately after the discontinuation of alcohol use (Wilkinson SanchezCraig, 2016). This is a critical step as there are several side effects associated with withdrawal such as hallucination, seizure, and some cases death. It is followed by rehabilitation treatment to prevent future alcohol use in the patients. The rehabilitation can be both inpatient and outpatient and includes the use of intensive counselling and therapy as detoxification does not prevent cravings. It usually lasts 30-90 days for detoxification and sometimes even longer. Patients in rehab are provided with a pleasant atmosphere to solely focus on recovery. Various therapies are used by the counsellor to attain a goal of helping the patients to find positive ways to deal with stress and anxiety associated with alcohol abuse that begins after the process of detox ification. After completing the inpatient rehabilitation treatment, the patients are exposed to outpatient rehab treatment which includes engagement in self support groups and programs like Alcoholics Anonymous for maintenance of sobriety. However, the in-patient alcohol rehabilitation is more advantageous than the outpatient rehabilitation as in the former one receives round-the-clock care where as in the later the patient can continue with professional and social life while receiving treatment for addiction (Kfner Feuerlein, 2012). These treatment methods are described in subsequent paragraphs. It may be surprising but there are ranges of medications available in market that have the potential to treat alcohol dependence and maintain abstinence. These medication works by reversing the changes in brain initiated by alcohol consumption. According to meta-analysis of Maisel et al., (2013) acamprosate and naltrexone is highly efficacious in helping the alcoholic to remain abstain alcohol abuse. These medications were evaluated for its efficacy in decreasing heavy drinking and craving based on 64 randomised, placebo-control trials. It was found from the study that the success rate of these medications was high if the detoxification occurred prior to treatment or in case of longer period of abstinence before the commencement of treatment. Similar study by Mann et al. (2013) found Nalmefene to have clinical benefits on patients. It is effective in reducing alcohol consumption as it is an opioid system modulator. The success rate of this medication is high which made it a potential new pharmacological treatment paradigm. Upon testing the medicine on 289 patients it was found that Nalmefene increases liver enzymes. It has been successful in decreasing alcohol dependence by addressing the unmet medical needs of the patients. Another medicine is Disulfrum which is effective in blocking the alcohol metabolism in body causing flushing of skin and nausea consequently driving people to avoid drinking. Naltrexone, Acamprosate, Disulfiram,topiramateand gabapentin are the medications that have been approved by U.S Food and Drug Administration are non-addictive. The last two are also effective in preventing seizures caused by withdrawal and reduces craving (Mller et al., 2014). Scientists are intensely working to increase this list of medication to provide the patients with multiple options. There are various types of behavioural treatments that incorporate motivational support, empathy, and focus on changing attitude and behaviour. These treatments mainly avoid heavy confrontation. Four of the main behavioural treatments will be discussed in the essay which is highly documented in the literature. Firstly, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is the most effective treatment approach for alcoholism. This is the one-on-one therapy where the counsellor focuses on identifying the factors called cues that caused alcohol addiction. It identifies the situation that led to management of stress by heavy drinking which is the risk for relapse. A rich literature is available citing the effectiveness of this therapy in decreasing alcohol dependency. This method is successful because a therapist works on thought process of the client behind heavy drinking. The therapist then tends to change the thinking pattern and helps the alcoholics to develop skills necessary to handle the consequences of problem drinking (Kendall Hollon, 2013). Secondly, Motivational Enhancement therapy is the treatment approach that focuses on changing the Clients drinking behaviour. This is the short term treatment where counselor helps patients to recognise their personal strength. The key mechanism is to strengthen motivation in client and build self confidence by educating them about the health risks of alcohol addiction such that the patient sticks to the treatment plan. It has been recognised to be effective treatment method by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)because it is cost efficient, based on self motivation, person-centred approach and improving relationship benefits (Verster et al., 2012). Thirdly, Marital and Family counselling is the treatment approach that involves the patients family members. This method is effective in improving the family relationships of the client. The basis of this treatment approach is strengthening the family support as they share close connection with the client and trigger motivation for change. They are involved in developing problem solving skills and assigning accountability. This therapy has been reported with high rate of success as it not only benefits the client but also the family in deterring the use of alcohol through future generations (Mistral, 2016). Fourthly, Brief interventions are counselling sessions that either takes place individually or in group within stipulated time. In this treatment approach, the therapist informs the patients about their drinking patterns and the potential risks involved and receives personalised feedback. Based on the feedback, the treatment goals and approaches are set. Advantages of group therap y is a sense of community or universality felt by the client by having several members to share their dreams, fears and experiences with (Sobell, 2013). According to Berne, (2016) psychotherapy is the other most effective and successful therapy in reducing alcohol dependency. The aim of this therapy is to address the root cause of the problem and resolve them in the most comprehensive manner. People seeking treatment respond to challenges by learning coping skills. Therapist aims to increase self observation, self-awareness, and encourage the client to change their behaviour and thinking pattern. This therapy usually consists of 1 hour sessions where client and the therapist engage in intense talking to reveal the causes of addiction and factors inhibiting abstinence. Flores (2013) highlighted about other treatment method for alcohol addiction which is Alcoholics Anonymous or AA founded in 1938. In this method, small or big local group of alcoholics are formed who attend public meetings free of cost and share their problems in abstaining from alcohol abuse or recovery from addiction. The members of the group help each other in overcoming challenges in recovering from addiction. The basis of this treatment approach is a 12 step recovery program. The first step involves an alcoholic to admit the helplessness in addiction and powerlessness over alcohol. The second step involves making the client believe that there is a greater power that will help alcoholic gain control over alcohol. This step includes religious influence in the process of healing. Various tactics are used to help the individual stay sober during recovery such as rewards for the length of time a person stays sober. The final steps of the program involves motivating the client, spirit ual awakening, practicing the lessons of AA and pass on the lessons to other alcoholics. Treatment for alcohol addiction can only be initiated when the individual accepts the problem of drinking, aware of its consequences and agrees to abstain from drinking. For any treatment method to be successful it is required for the client to understand that alcoholism is curable disease. However, not all the treatment methods have equal efficacy. Not all the patients respond equally to all the treatments. There is no evidence that one treatment is better than the other for all patients. However, according to literature review Alcoholics Anonymous is recognised as high profile treatment program in the world that has worked for several patients and they have been zealous in their support for organisation but not for all patients. References Berne, E. (2016).Transactional analysis in psychotherapy: A systematic individual and social psychiatry. Ravenio Books. Flores, P. J. (2013).Group psychotherapy with addicted populations: An integration of twelve-step and psychodynamic theory. Routledge, 164-214 Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D. (Eds.). (2013).Cognitive-behavioral interventions: Theory, research, and procedures(Vol. 21). Academic Press, 319-352 Kfner, H., Feuerlein, W. (2012).In-Patient Treatment for Alcoholism: a multi-centre evaluation study. Springer Science Business Media. Maisel, N. C., Blodgett, J. C., Wilbourne, P. L., Humphreys, K., Finney, J. W. (2013). Meta?analysis of naltrexone and acamprosate for treating alcohol use disorders: When are these medications most helpful?Addiction,108(2), 275-293. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04054.x Mann, K., Bladstrm, A., Torup, L., Gual, A., van den Brink, W. (2013). Extending the treatment options in alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled study of as-needed nalmefene.Biological psychiatry,73(8), 706-713. Mistral, W. (Ed.). (2016).Integrated Approaches to Drug and Alcohol Problems: Action on Addiction. Routledge, 109-120. Mller, C. A., Geisel, O., Banas, R., Heinz, A. (2014). Current pharmacological treatment approaches for alcohol dependence.Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy,15(4), 471-481. Sobell, M. (2013).Behavioral treatment of alcohol problems: Individualized therapy and controlled drinking(Vol. 563). Springer Science Business Media. Verster, J. C., Brady, K., Conrod, P., Galanter, M. (2012).Drug abuse and addiction in medical illness: Causes, consequences and treatment(1. Aufl.;1;2012; ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3375-0